PicoProbe™

Acetyl CoA is a central molecule of metabolism. It carries acetate, used in the build-up and breakdown of larger molecules. Acetyl CoA is key in synthetic pathways leading to sesquiterpenes, precursors to cholesterol and other sterols, flavenoids and...

β-Hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) is the most abundant of the ketone bodies (~78% of total ketone bodies in blood). Ketoacidosis (high concentrations of the ketone bodies) can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as diabetes, alcoholism and severe...

Triglycerides (TG) are the main constituents of vegetable oil, animal fat, LDL and VLDL, and play an important role as transporters of fatty acids as well as an energy source. TG is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, after which both can serve as...

Threonine is one of the 20 naturally-occuring amino acids used by all organisms in the biosynthesis of proteins and is an essential dietary amino acid for humans. Threonine residues in proteins are subject to post-translational phosphorylation, a...

Glutathione (GSH), a thiol-containing tripeptide, is a key antioxidant in living systems. Intracellular GSH status appears to be a sensitive indicator of the overall health of a cell. BioVision’s PicoProbeTM Reduced Glutathione Assay Kit is based on a...

Proline is a proteogenic amino acid, which plays an important role in protein folding. In humans, proline can be synthesized from glutamate and arginine. Proline is one of the conditionally essential amino acids in humans. Proline is also produced by...

Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) enzyme plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism and widely exists in all organisms. PGM interconverts Glucose-1-Phosphate (G1P) and Glucose-6-Phosphate (G6P) depending on the body requirement. When glycogen breaks down, G1P is...

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is one of the most important ions in biological systems. It functions in a variety of roles. One of the most important roles is as a molecular switch, turning enzyme activity on and off through the mediation of the various...

NADP (nicotinamide dinucleotide) is a major electron donor for anabolic reactions such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis. The reduced form, NADPH is a cofactor for many redox enzymes. It is of increasing interest to be able to measure low level of...

NAD and NADH exist in all living organisms and are important for energy transformation and maintenance of the redox state of cells or tissues. The reduced form, NADH is a driving force for cells and plays a critical role in cell regulation and repair...

Inositol is a carbocyclic sugar that is also known as vitamin B8 and is believed to have numerous health benefits. This substance must be obtained either from exogenous sources, or generated from metabolism of glucose-6-phosphate. While several isomers...

Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH) (EC 1.1.1.37) reversibly converts L-Malate into oxaloacetate in the presence of NAD+. In eukaryotic cells, malate dehydrogenase has 2 isoforms, MDH1 and MDH2. MDH1 is cytosolic and participates in the malate-aspartate shuttle,...

Lipolysis is the hydrolysis of triglycerides within the cell into glycerol and free fatty acids. The glycerol and free fatty acids are then released into the bloodstream or culture media. Lipolysis occurs in essentially all cells, but is most abundant in...

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) is a stable enzyme and is present in all cell types. Cell damage leads to release of LDH enzyme into the media and its activity is widely used as a marker for cytotoxicity. It reversibly converts lactate into...

Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide composed of galactose and fructose. It is closely related to lactose which is a disaccharide consisting of galactose and glucose. Since Lactulose is not absorbed by the gut; it is therefore used as a laxative and for...

Lactate (CH3CH(OH)COO-) plays an important role in many biological processes. Abnormally high concentrations of lactate have been related to diseases such as diabetes, lactic acidosis, etc. L(+)-Lactate is present in blood and is the major lactate...

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH: EC 1.1.1.27) is a common enzyme found in wide range of organisms. It catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+. During tissue damage, LDH is released into the...

Inulin, not to be confused with insulin, is an indigestible polysaccharide that is found in many plant species, where it serves as an energy storage molecule. The polymer is made up of mostly fructose units, joined primarily by β(2,1) linkages, with...

Hexokinase (EC 1.1.1.49; also called HK, 6-Phosphate Glucose Kinase, ATP: D-Hexose 6-Phosphotransferase, ATP-dependent Hexokinase) is found in many organisms including bacteria, plants and mammals. Hexokinases play an important role in glucose metabolism...

Glutamate (Glutamic Acid, Glu) is one of the most abundant proteogenic amino acids in humans. It is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. For example, Glutamate plays an important role both in the metabolism of some amino acids and disposal of excess...

Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is a key intermediate for glucose transport into cells which then enters either metabolic pathways or storage. G6P can enter the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate shunt or be stored as glycogen or starch. G6P is utilized...

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PDH: EC 1.1.1.49) is a cytosolic enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, a metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells (such as erythrocytes) by maintaining the level of the co-enzyme nicotinamide...

Glucose is the main energy source for virtually all living organisms. Glucose level is a key diagnostic parameter for many metabolic disorders. Measurement of glucose can be very important in both research and drug discovery processes. Biovision’s...

Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) is an important intermediate in the glycolytic pathway which leads from glucose to pyruvate. It is formed from glucose-6-phosphate and is further phosphorylated to fructose-1,6-diphosphate which is subsequently cleaved to...

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate (F1,6BP) is a fructose sugar and a key component of the glycolysis metabolic pathway. It is produced by the phosphorylation of Fructose 6-Phosphate (F6P) by phosphofructokinase (PFK). Additionally, F1,6BP is an allosteric...

Fructose-1,6-bispohphatase (FBP1) is responsible for the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in the rate determining step of gluconeogenesis. FBP1 is a tetramer that plays a role in regulating adiposity and appetite. FBP1 has...

Fructose is a monosaccharide found in many foods and is one of the three most important blood sugars along with glucose and galactose. Fructose is the sweetest naturally occurring sugar, estimated to be twice as sweet as sucrose. In BioVision’s...

Glycerol is a central component for synthesis of all lipids; it acts as a backbone for triglycerides and phospholipids, which plays an important role for cell membrane’s structure. Due to its low toxicity, glycerol is widely used in pharmaceutical, food...

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is the simplest aldehyde and one of the most often used organic compounds in industrial processes due to its high reactivity with a variety of chemicals. Endogenous HCHO can be produced in organisms via metabolic processes while...

D-Lactate is the result of anaerobic glycolysis by microorganisms in the gastrointestinal system, and the product of detoxification of methylglyoxal by the glyoxalase system. The presence of abnormal levels of D-Lactate has been linked to a series of...

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP) is an important intermediate in both lipid biosynthesis and glycolysis. In glycolysis, Fructose-1,6-diphosphate is converted to DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) by aldolase. Both DHAP and GAP serve as the...

D-2-Hydroxyglutarate Dehydrogenase (D2HGDH: EC 1.1.99.2) is a mitochondrial enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of D-2-Hydroxyglutarate into 2-Oxoglutarate. In humans, mutation of D2HGDH gene could reduce D2HGDH activity which will cause the...

The NAD-dependent Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) plays a vital role in cellular detoxification. It oxidizes various aldehydes and generates the corresponding carboxyolic acid. ALDH have been found in every cellular compartment. Based on its structure and...

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is an organic molecule that plays a critical role in cellular metabolism and energy transfer reactions. ADP is a product of ATP dephosphorylation and it can be rephosphorylated to ATP. These dephosphorylations and...

15-Hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH; EC:1.1.1.141) is a rate-limiting enzyme for prostaglandin catabolism. It oxidizes prostaglandins (PG) to 15-keto metabolites. In general, 15-keto metabolites show reduced biological activity, when compared...